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Author: Shivani Patel, PharmD

  • How to Manage Sleep Disorders? Get Some Sleep!

    How to Manage Sleep Disorders? Get Some Sleep!

    What are Sleep Disorders?

    Sleep disorders encompass a range of conditions that disrupt an individual’s ability to maintain healthy sleep patterns. These disorders can significantly affect overall health, daily performance, and quality of life. Recognizing and addressing these issues is essential to promote better sleep hygiene and well-being. This article will cover how to manage sleep disorders, including the different types of sleep disorders and treatments for sleep disorders.

    If you have questions about sleep disorders and ways to manage them, you can always talk to a licensed pharmacist on-demand with Medidex Connect.

    Types of Sleep Disorders

    Insomnia

    Insomnia refers to the difficulty of initiating or maintaining sleep throughout the night. This condition can be attributed to a variety of factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, the use of certain medications, the consumption of caffeine, and inadequate sleep habits. Individuals suffering from insomnia commonly experience symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, and impaired concentration.

    Sleep Apnea

    Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep. It primarily manifests in two distinct forms:

    1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the more common type, occurring when the muscles in the throat relax excessively and temporarily block the airway. As a result, airflow is obstructed, leading to brief pauses in breathing that can disrupt sleep cycles and diminish oxygen levels in the blood.
    2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) a less common form that arises from a failure of the brain to communicate effectively with the muscles responsible for controlling breathing. In this case, the individual may experience episodes where they stop breathing altogether, as the brain does not send the necessary signals to initiate inhalation. Individuals suffering from sleep apnea may experience a variety of troubling symptoms, such as frequent interruptions in breathing during sleep, often accompanied by gasping or choking sounds, waking up with a dry mouth due to prolonged breathing through the mouth, loud and disruptive snoring that can disturb others’ sleep, persistent daytime sleepiness, which can lead to difficulties concentrating and increased fatigue.

    Narcolepsy

    Narcolepsy is a complex neurological disorder marked by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day. Individuals with this condition may find themselves abruptly falling asleep while engaged in daily activities, significantly impacting their quality of life. This disorder is frequently accompanied by a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, called cataplexy, which can cause a partial or complete loss of muscle tone. Additionally, individuals may experience vivid hallucinations during the transition between wakefulness and sleep, as well as episodes of sleep paralysis.

    Restless leg syndrome

    Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an overwhelming urge to move the legs, particularly when resting or lying. This condition often leads to uncomfortable sensations, such as tingling, crawling, or aching in the legs, which typically worsen during inactivity. Symptoms can vary in intensity and may be temporarily relieved by movement, such as walking or stretching. RLS often disrupts sleep patterns, contributing to difficulty falling or staying asleep, and can significantly impact overall quality of life.

    Circadian Rhythm Disorders

    Circadian rhythm disorders affect individuals who work nontraditional hours. This condition can lead to challenges such as difficulty falling asleep, trouble maintaining sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Fortunately, shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) can be managed through a combination of lifestyle modifications, light therapy, and medication when necessary.

    Parasomnias

    Parasomnias are characterized by abnormal behaviors, experiences, or movements during sleep. These incidents can manifest in various ways, including sleepwalking, night terrors, and sleep talking. Sleepwalking involves leaving the bed and performing complex activities while in a state of unconsciousness. Individuals often have little to no memory of these events upon awakening. Night terrors, or sleep terrors, are episodes of intense fear or panic that typically occur during deep non-REM sleep. During these episodes, a person may scream, exhibit physical agitation, or display signs of extreme anxiety, often waking up confused and disoriented.

    Hypersomnia

    Hypersomnia is a sleep disorder defined by persistent and excessive daytime sleepiness, which occurs despite the individual having received sufficient and restorative sleep during the night. People suffering from hypersomnia often find it challenging to stay awake and alert throughout the day, which can significantly impact their daily activities, work performance, and overall quality of life. This condition may be caused by various factors, including underlying medical conditions, medications, or lifestyle choices, and can lead to episodes of prolonged sleep during the day.

    Manage Sleep Disorders With Treatment

    Light Therapy to Manage Sleep Disorders

    Light therapy has demonstrated significant potential in effectively regulating melatonin levels, which are essential for maintaining a healthy sleep-wake cycle. By utilizing specific wavelengths of light at optimal times, light therapy can help synchronize the body’s internal circadian rhythms. This helps promotes more consistent and restorative sleep patterns

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) to Manage Sleep Disorders

    CBT-I is a structured treatment plan that typically spans 6 to 8 weeks. This approach is designed to assist individuals in developing strategies to fall asleep more quickly and maintain sleep for longer durations. CBT-I is often recommended as the initial treatment option for individuals experiencing long-term insomnia and is highly effective.

    Prescription Medications to Manage Sleep Disorders

    Sleep aids can be classified into three primary categories: prescription medications, over-the-counter (OTC) products, and natural supplements. Each category offers distinct options to address various sleep-related concerns.

    1. Prescription medications typically include benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sedatives, which are designed to treat specific sleep disorders and are prescribed by a healthcare professional after a thorough evaluation.
      • Benzodiazepines are medications that enhance the effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. By increasing GABA’s inhibitory action, these agents reduce neuronal excitability, resulting in calming effects and facilitating sleep onset and maintenance. Examples of benzodiazepines are Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion), and Estazolam (ProSom).
      • Non-benzodiazepines, known as Z-drugs, enhance GABA activity in the brain but have distinct chemical structures that set them apart from traditional benzodiazepines. Examples include Zolpidem (Ambien), Zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta). This unique structure often results in fewer side effects, such as a lower risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Z-drugs typically have a shorter half-life, which helps target sleep onset while minimizing daytime sedation, making them a valuable option for managing insomnia and anxiety-related conditions.
    2. Over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids often contain active ingredients like diphenhydramine or melatonin, which can assist individuals struggling with occasional insomnia or difficulty in falling asleep. These products are widely available and can be a convenient option for those seeking temporary relief from sleep disturbances.
    3. Natural supplements encompass a range of products such as valerian root, chamomile, lavender and magnesium, which are derived from natural sources and are often used by individuals looking for alternatives to conventional medication. Each type of sleep aid operates through different mechanisms and may suit various individuals depending on their unique sleep issues, lifestyle factors, and overall health status. Consulting with a healthcare provider is recommended to determine the most appropriate option tailored to individual needs.

    When taking medications and supplements for sleep disorders, it is essential to follow the directions carefully. Many people find medication reminder alerts helpful in remembering to take doses as scheduled.

    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) to Manage Sleep Disorders

    The CPAP device is an essential tool designed to maintain airway patency (remaining open and unobstructed) during sleep by applying mild air pressure. The system comprises a mask that securely fits over either the nose or the nose and mouth, held in place by adjustable straps. A connecting tube links the mask to the device’s motor, which actively delivers airflow. This technology plays a crucial role in supporting individuals with sleep-related breathing disorders.

    Manage Sleep Disorders with Sleep Hygiene Methods

    1. Ensure that the bedroom environment is dark, quiet, and comfortable.  
    2. Maintain a consistent sleep schedule to promote healthy sleep patterns.  
    3. Avoid daytime naps, even after a night of insufficient sleep, and limit any necessary naps to 30 minutes.  
    4. Reserve the bedroom for activities specifically related to sleep to create a conducive environment.  
    5. Position the clock face away from view to reduce anxiety associated with falling asleep.  
    6. If one cannot sleep, it is advisable to rise and engage in a calming activity to shift focus.  
    7. Establish a pre-bedtime ritual to signal to the body that it is time to rest.  
    8. Incorporate relaxation techniques before sleep, such as listening to soft music, reading, or gentle stretching.  
    9. Refrain from engaging in physical exercise immediately before bedtime.  
    10. Avoid consuming heavy meals before sleep, and limit caffeine intake in the afternoon. 

    Manage Sleep Disorders – Final Thoughts

    Sleep disorders can significantly impact your quality of life, affecting mental and physical health, as well as performance at work or school. If you’re having trouble sleeping, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Good sleep hygiene and following medical advice are essential for improving sleep and overall well-being.

    If you have additional questions about managing sleep disorders, connect with a licensed pharmacist on-demand with Medidex Connect.



    Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. No content on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content on this site is for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute medical advice, and does not establish any kind of patient-provider or client-professional relationship by your use of this website. Although we strive to strictly provide accurate and up to date general information, content available on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and you should not rely solely on the information provided here. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications.



  • How to Manage and Treat Insomnia?

    How to Manage and Treat Insomnia?

    What is Insomnia?

    Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can manifest as difficulty falling asleep (sleep latency), trouble staying asleep (sleep maintenance), or insufficient rest from sleep (sleep quality). Nonprescription and prescription medications are available to help manage and treat insomnia.

    Once you’re done reading, if you have more questions about insomnia and how to manage insomnia symptoms, ask a pharmacist online 24/7 using Medidex Connect.

    Symptoms of Sleep Insomnia?

    • Remaining awake for an extended time before finally drifting off to sleep  
    • Getting only brief amounts of sleep  
    • Staying awake for a large portion of the night  
    • Having the sensation that you didn’t rest at all  
    • Rising earlier than desired 

    Since insomnia is often linked to other underlying health conditions, it may also help to assess whether other symptoms are present. For example, taking this schizophrenia quiz by Ubie or a bipolar disorder self-assessment can help identify patterns such as hallucinations, paranoia, extreme mood swings, or disorganized thinking, which may contribute to sleep disturbances. Similarly, conditions like generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can lead to excessive worry and restlessness, making it difficult to fall or stay asleep. A self-assessment for anxiety can provide insight into whether persistent stress and nervousness are affecting your sleep quality. Addressing these underlying conditions can be key to improving overall well-being.

    How To Manage and Treat Insomnia
    Source: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia

    Treatments for Insomnia?

    • Lifestyle modifications, such as effective sleep practices, can alleviate acute (short-term) insomnia by facilitating sleep onset and maintenance.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a specific form of counseling, can effectively mitigate the anxiety associated with chronic (persistent) insomnia.
    • Various pharmacological treatments are available to alleviate insomnia and support the re-establishment of a regular sleep pattern.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to Manage and Treat Insomnia

    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Insomnia is a structured program designed to help individuals overcome sleep difficulties.
    • Focuses on identifying and changing thoughts and behaviors that contribute to insomnia.
    • Aims to address the underlying issues causing sleep disturbances through sleep education, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation strategies.
    • Individuals can improve their sleep quality and duration by promoting healthier sleep habits and reducing sleep-related anxiety.
    • CBT for insomnia is often recommended as a first-line treatment due to its effectiveness and lasting results without the use of medications.

    Over-the-Counter (OTC) Sleep Medications

    • Side effects: daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention
    • How does it work?
      • Antihistamines block the histamine receptors in the brain, which promotes drowsiness.
        • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
        • Doxylamine (Unisom)

    Antidepressants to Manage and Treat Insomnia

    • Side effects: dry mouth, weight gain, constipation, dizziness, blurred vision
    • How does it work?
      • Antidepressants are effective in promoting sleep due to their histaminergic and serotonergic properties, which facilitate sedation and enhance the overall quality of sleep.
        • Mirtazapine (Remeron)
        • Doxepin (Silenor)
        • Trazodone (Desyrel)

    Benzodiazepines

    • Side effects: Respiratory depression, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness
    • How does it work?
      • Benzodiazepines are frequently utilized for short-term management of conditions that require sedation or sleep assistance due to their sedative and hypnotic effects. These medications enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to increased sedation and muscle relaxation.
        • Estazolam (ProSom)
        • Flurazepam (Dalmane)
        • Lorazepam (Ativan)
        • Oxazepam (Serax)
        • Temazepam (Restoril)
        • Triazolam (Halcion)

    Non-Benzodiazepine Sedative hypnotics (“Z” Drugs)

    • Side effects: Somnolence, dizziness, ataxia (lack of coordination), parasomnias (abnormal sleep movements)
    • How does it work?
      • Z drugs function as agonists at the benzodiazepine-binding site of GABA receptors. This mechanism enhances their sedative effects while generally presenting fewer side effects compared to traditional benzodiazepines.
        • Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
        • Zaleplon (Sonata)
        • Zolpidem (Ambien)

    Melatonin Receptor Agonist

    • Side effects: Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, insomnia
    • How does it work?
      • Melatonin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. It is synthesized naturally by the pineal gland located in the brain.
        • Ramelteon (Rozerem)
        • Tasimelteon (Hetlioz)

    Orexin-Receptor Antagonist

    • Side effects: Drowsiness, fatigue, headache, dizziness
    • How does it work?
      • Orexin, or hypocretin, is a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that regulates wakefulness and alertness. The body can reduce wakefulness by inhibiting orexin signals, making it easier to fall asleep and maintain sleep.
        • Belsomra (Suvorexant)
        • Lemborexant (Dayvigo)
        • Daridorexant (Quviviq)

    Sleep Hygiene Helps Manage and Treat Insomnia

    • Establish and adhere to a consistent sleep schedule.  
    • Refrain from taking daytime naps, even following a night of inadequate sleep.  
    • Engage in relaxing activities before bedtime, such as listening to soothing music, reading, or practicing gentle stretching exercises.  
    • It is advisable to avoid physical exercise in the hours leading up to sleep.  
    • Limit the consumption of heavy meals and caffeine before bed.

    Manage and Treat Insomnia – Conclusion

    Sleep medications are a crucial component in the management of a variety of sleep disorders, including insomnia. While these medications can effectively improve sleep quality and duration, it is essential to carefully consider the potential risks and side effects associated with their use. A comprehensive understanding of the specific sleep disorder is vital, as each condition may respond differently to various pharmacological therapies. Additionally, individualized patient assessments are essential before initiating pharmacotherapy, considering factors such as medical history, current medications, and personal preferences. This holistic approach ensures that the benefits of sleep medication outweigh the risks, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and improved quality of life.

    If you have any additional questions about insomnia or sleep medication, connect with a licensed pharmacist on-demand with Medidex Connect.



    Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. No content on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content on this site is for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute medical advice, and does not establish any kind of patient-provider or client-professional relationship by your use of this website. Although we strive to strictly provide accurate and up to date general information, content available on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and you should not rely solely on the information provided here. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications.

  • The Best Ways to Manage Seasonal Allergy Symptoms at Home

    The Best Ways to Manage Seasonal Allergy Symptoms at Home

    What are allergies?

    When an individual comes into contact with a foreign substance, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods, the immune system may react by producing antibodies. These antibodies trigger the release of chemicals like histamine, leading to common allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or swelling. This immune response is the body’s attempt to protect itself from what it perceives as a threat, but in the case of allergies, it can result in discomfort and other adverse effects. The most common seasonal allergy symptoms are listed below followed by tips to manage them.

    Once you’re done reading, if you have more questions about seasonal allergy symptoms and how to manage them, ask a pharmacist online 24/7 using Medidex Connect.

    Seasonal Allergy Symptoms

    • Allergies can lead to different reactions depending on the allergen, sometimes causing a severe and life-threatening response called anaphylaxis.
    • Common allergy symptoms often include:
      • Rash
      • Nasal congestion
      • Frequent sneezing
      • Itchy eyes, nose, and throat 
      • Runny nose and eyes 
      • Post-nasal drip
      • Fatigue
      • Coughing
    seasonal allergy symptoms
    https://www.iowaallergyclinic.com/allergy-season-survival-tips-for-minimizing-discomfort-in-iowa-this-april

    Types of Allergy Tests?

    • An allergy skin test involves a healthcare professional using a small needle to expose the skin to potential allergens. If an allergy is present, a raised bump called a hive will likely develop. If the initial test result is negative but an allergy is still suspected, an intradermal skin test may be recommended, involving the injection of a small amount of allergen into the skin.
    • An allergy blood test involve drawing blood from a patient and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. One drawback is that several days may pass before the results are received. However, blood tests have the advantage of testing for a broader range of allergens compared to skin tests.

    How to manage seasonal allergy symptoms?

    1. Keep windows closed, especially during high pollen count days, to prevent outdoor allergens from entering your home. 
    2. Limit outdoor activities during peak allergen season, particularly during early morning and late afternoon when pollen counts are highest. 
    3. Take a shower and change your clothes after spending time outdoors to remove any pollen or allergens from your skin and clothing. 
    4. Use window screen filters and air conditioning to reduce moisture in the air, which can help prevent the growth of mold and mildew, common indoor allergens. 
    5. Incorporate more anti-inflammatory foods such as fish, leafy greens, or berries into your diet.
    6. Stay well hydrated, which can improve your body’s ability to regulate itself and lessen the severity of allergy symptoms.
    7. Consider using saline nasal sprays to alleviate irritated nasal passages caused by allergies after outdoor exposure. These sprays can help flush out allergens and soothe nasal passages.
    8. Neti pot saline solution can be used to effectively alleviate nasal symptoms associated with sinus infections, allergies, colds, and flu. The saline solution facilitates the passage of water through the nasal membranes with minimal to no burning or irritation.
    9. Use allergy-friendly materials such as bedding and pillowcases that are available online or from specialty retailers.
    10. Consider over-the-counter allergy medications or treatments such as Benadryl or Zyrtec to manage more severe symptoms.

    Conclusion

    Managing seasonal allergy symptoms at home involves a combination of preventive measures, lifestyle adjustments, and natural remedies. By keeping indoor air clean, using allergy-friendly bedding, and incorporating anti-inflammatory foods into your diet, you can significantly reduce the impact of allergens. Regularly cleaning your living spaces, staying hydrated, and utilizing over-the-counter treatments when necessary, can further enhance your ability to cope with symptoms. With these best practices, you can create a healthier and more comfortable living environment, allowing yourself to enjoy the changing seasons without the discomfort of seasons allergy symptoms. Remember, consistency is key, and a proactive approach will help you stay ahead of your allergy symptoms.

    Embrace these strategies and take control of your well-being. Stay allergy-free and enjoy each season to its fullest! If you have additional questions about seasonal allergy symptoms or treatments, connect with a licensed pharmacist on-demand with Medidex Connect.



    Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. No content on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content on this site is for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute medical advice, and does not establish any kind of patient-provider or client-professional relationship by your use of this website. Although we strive to strictly provide accurate and up to date general information, content available on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and you should not rely solely on the information provided here. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications.

  • How to Treat UTI’s: Best Home Remedies for a UTI and More

    How to Treat UTI’s: Best Home Remedies for a UTI and More

    Are you wondering what is a UTI (short for Urinary Tract Infection)? Read below for information on UTI’s and their symptoms, as well as how to diagnose and how to treat a UTI (including home remedies for a UTI, over-the-counter UTI medications, and common antibiotics for a UTI).

    Once you’re done reading, if you have more questions about UTI’s or home remedies and medications used to treat a UTI, ask a pharmacist online 24/7 using Medidex Connect.

    What is a UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)?

    Urinary tract infections include cystitis and pyelonephritis. Cystitis is an infection of the bladder or lower urinary tract, whereas pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney or upper urinary tract. Some of the risk factors for UTIs include female anatomy, sexual activity, menopause, a suppressed immune system, blockages in the urinary tract, or catheter use. 

    Symptoms of Cystitis (Lower UTI or Bladder Infection)

    • Dysuria, which is painful urination
    • Increase in frequency and urgency of urination
    • Pelvic pressure
    • Blood in the urine

    Symptoms of Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI or Kidney Infection)

    • Symptoms of cystitis plus
      • Back or side pain
      • Fever or chills 
      • Nausea or vomiting
      • Malaise  
    Symptoms of a UTI
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9135-urinary-tract-infections

    Diagnosis and Test for UTI

    A healthcare provider will conduct a urinalysis to diagnose a urinary tract infection. During this procedure, the patient will be required to provide a urine sample for laboratory analysis to detect the presence of nitrates, leukocyte esterase, and white blood cells. An additional diagnostic method involves a urine culture, where the sample is tested to cultivate and identify any bacteria. This information will assist the healthcare provider in determining the most effective course of treatment. If the infection does not respond to the prescribed treatment, an ultrasound may be conducted to facilitate a thorough examination of your internal organs. An alternative course of action involves a cystoscopy, wherein a cystoscope is utilized to inspect the interior of your bladder through the urethra.

    How to Treat UTI’s

    Home Remedies for a UTI

    For a urinary tract infection (UTI), home treatment may help alleviate symptoms, but they should not replace professional medical treatment, especially if the infection is moderate to severe. Here are some home remedies for a UTI that may help manage mild symptoms or complement medical treatment:

    probiotics home remedies for a uti
    Probiotics are one of several common home remedies for a UTI.
    1. Hydration
      • Drink plenty of water: Drinking water helps flush out bacteria from the urinary system.
      • Cranberry juice: Unsweetened cranberry juice is believed to help prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls. Though evidence is mixed, cranberry juice remains one of the most common home remedies for a UTI. If you try it, opt for 100% pure cranberry juice with no added sugars.
    2. Probiotics
      • Probiotics, especially those containing Lactobacillus are often used in home remedies for a UTI. This is because probiotics may help maintain healthy gut and urinary flora, which can support the body’s defense against infections. Probiotic-rich foods include yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
    3. D-Mannose
      • This is a type of sugar found in fruits like cranberries and apples. It may help prevent bacteria from sticking to the bladder walls and is available in supplement form.
    4. Vitamin C
      • Vitamin C can acidify urine, making it less friendly for bacterial growth. Consuming fruits high in vitamin C like oranges, strawberries, or taking a supplement may support healing.
    5. Herbal Remedies
      • Uva ursi (bearberry leaf): Traditionally used for UTIs, uva ursi may help reduce infection, though it should only be used short-term and under guidance, as it can have side effects.
      • Garlic: Known for its antimicrobial properties, raw garlic or garlic supplements may help combat infection.
    6. Heating Pads
      • A heating pad on your lower abdomen may help relieve the discomfort or pressure associated with UTIs.
    7. Hygiene Practices
      • Wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria from spreading.
      • Urinate after sexual intercourse to help flush bacteria from the urinary tract.
    8. Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate)
      • Some people use baking soda dissolved in water (½ teaspoon in a glass of water) to help neutralize the acidity in urine, providing relief from burning sensations during urination. However, this should be used cautiously and under a doctor’s advice, as it can disrupt the body’s natural acid-base balance.
    9. Avoid Irritants
      • Stay away from caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and artificial sweeteners, as these can irritate the bladder and worsen symptoms.

    While these home remedies for a UTI can provide some relief, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider, especially if symptoms persist or worsen. A UTI can spread to the kidneys if left untreated, which can be serious. Continue reading for a list of over-the-counter UTI medications and commonly prescribed antibiotics for a UTI.

    Over the Counter UTI medications

    Over-the-counter (OTC) medications can help alleviate the symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI), but they don’t cure the infection itself. Here are some common OTC options for managing UTI symptoms:

    1. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium, AZO)
      • Purpose of phenazopyridine (Pyridium, AZO): Azo is a medication that frequently relieves urinary tract symptoms such as pain, burning, discomfort and urinating.
      • How phenazopyridine (Pyridium, AZO) works: Azo is a dye which numbs and soothea the lining of the urinary tract. This medication is taken three times a day with food for two days. Azo can discolor urine to red or orange. 
      • Important note on phenazopyridine (Pyridium, AZO): Azo is for symptom relief only and does not treat the infection. It can turn urine a bright orange or red color, which is normal but may stain clothes or contact lenses.
    2. Cystex Urinary Pain Relief Tablets
      • Purpose of Cystex Tablets: Combines a mild pain reliever with an antibacterial agent (methenamine) to help control infection symptoms and reduce pain.
      • How Cystex Tablets work: The antibacterial component helps suppress the growth of bacteria in the urine, while the pain reliever targets discomfort.
      • Important note on Cystex Tablets: It’s not a substitute for antibiotics but may help with mild UTIs or as a temporary measure.

    Important Note: OTC medications and home remedies for a UTI can provide symptom relief but do not cure the infection. Antibiotics are required to fully treat a UTI, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider if you suspect you have a UTI. If left untreated, a UTI can progress into a more severe kidney infection.

    Common Antibiotics for a UTI

    Home remedies for a UTI and over-the-counter UTI medications are, unfortunately, often not strong and fast acting enough to provide the treatment and relief people are seeking. Antibiotics for a UTI are often required to treat an active urinary tract infection.

    1. Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS)
      • Bactrim, also known as sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, is an antibiotic medication in the sulfa drug class. It is commonly used to treat various bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, ear infections, traveler’s diarrhea, and bronchitis. Bactrim is typically taken orally, with a recommended dosage of twice a day and a full glass of water. It’s essential to complete the entire course of treatment as prescribed by your healthcare provider, even if your symptoms improve before the medication is finished. If you experience any adverse reactions or have concerns about taking Bactrim, it’s essential to consult with your healthcare professional for guidance.
    2. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)
      • Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections caused by bacteria. It is available in capsule and suspension (liquid) forms and can be taken by mouth. Nitrofurantoin is typically taken with food twice or four times daily for at least seven days. It’s crucial to take nitrofurantoin at the same time every day. Shake the liquid thoroughly before each use to ensure the medication is evenly mixed. Use a dose-measuring spoon or cup to measure the correct amount of liquid for each dose; do not use a household spoon.It’s crucial to complete the entire course of nitrofurantoin as prescribed, even if symptoms improve. Stopping the medication or missing doses can complicate treatment and lead to bacterial resistance.
    3. Fosfomycin (Monurol)
      • Fosfomycin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It is available as granules that must be mixed with water and taken orally. Do not take the dry granules without first diluting them in water. To prepare a dose, empty the contents of a single-dose packet into a glass and add 3 to 4 ounces (90 to 120 milliliters) of cold water. Stir until dissolved. Do not use hot water. Take the prepared dose by mouth as soon as possible.
    4. Cephalexin (Keflex)
      • Cephalexin belongs to a class of medications known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It works by eliminating bacteria. Cephalexin is available in capsule, tablet, and suspension (liquid) forms. Typically, it is taken every 6 or 12 hours with or without food for a period of 7 to 14 days, depending on the condition being treated. It’s important to continue taking cephalexin until you finish the prescribed course, even if you start feeling better. If you stop taking cephalexin too early or miss doses, your infection may not be fully treated, and the bacteria could develop resistance to antibiotics.
    5. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
      • Ciprofloxacin belongs to the class of drugs known as quinolone antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Ciprofloxacin comes in tablets, liquid suspension, and extended-release tablets that can be taken orally with or without food. The tablets and suspension are usually taken twice a day, while the extended-release tablets are usually taken once a day. It’s important to swallow the tablets whole and not crush or chew them. It’s also recommended not to take ciprofloxacin with dairy products or calcium-fortified juices alone. Ciprofloxacin may cause problems with bones, joints, and tissues around joints in children. Therefore, it should not usually be given to children under 18 unless they have certain serious infections.
    6. Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
      • Levofloxacin is a type of quinolone antibiotic. It is available in tablet and liquid form for oral administration. The typical dosage is once per day, and the tablet can be taken with or without food. However, the liquid form should be taken either 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. It’s crucial to take levofloxacin at the same time each day. Also, ensure that you drink plenty of water or other fluids while taking this medication.
    7. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
      • Ceftriaxone is a type of cephalosporin antibiotic that works by killing bacteria or stopping their growth. It is administered through injection, either as a powder mixed with liquid or as a premixed product. The injection is given intravenously over a period of 30 or 60 minutes, or it can be given into a muscle. The dosage varies based on the specific infection being treated.

    Ways to Prevent UTI

    • Drink 6-8 glasses of water daily to help bacteria flush out from the urinary tract. 
    • Wipe from front to back after urinating to prevent the spread of bacteria.
    • Empty your bladder after having sex.
    • Avoid irritating feminine products. 

    Final Thoughts on How to Treat a UTI and Home Remedies for a UTI

    Treating a urinary tract infection (UTI) effectively requires a combination of symptom management and addressing the underlying infection. The gold standard for UTI treatment is prescription antibiotics, which target and eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. While home remedies for a UTI and over-the-counter (OTC) medications for a UTI can help alleviate discomfort, they should never replace professional medical care, especially if symptoms worsen or persist.

    When to See a Doctor

    • Persistent symptoms: If symptoms last more than a day or two without improvement, or if they worsen.
    • Severe pain or blood in urine: These could indicate a more severe infection.
    • Fever or back pain: These may be signs of a kidney infection, which requires immediate medical attention.
    • Frequent UTIs: If you experience recurring UTIs, your doctor may investigate underlying causes and recommend preventive measures.

    Once diagnosed, a doctor will likely prescribe a course of antibiotics, which usually resolves symptoms within a few days. Completing the full course is crucial to ensure the infection is fully eradicated.

    If you have additional questions about UTI’s, how to treat a UTI, and common UTI medications connect with a licensed pharmacist on-demand using Medidex Connect.



    Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. No content on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content on this site is for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute medical advice, and does not establish any kind of patient-provider or client-professional relationship by your use of this website. Although we strive to strictly provide accurate and up to date general information, content available on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and you should not rely solely on the information provided here. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications.

  • What is an EpiPen? Everything you need to know about EpiPens

    What is an EpiPen? Everything you need to know about EpiPens

    What is an EpiPen? EpiPen is an auto-injector device that delivers epinephrine, which is a medication used to treat severe, life-threatening allergic reactions known as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can be triggered by food, medication, insect stings, venom, or latex and can lead to severe symptoms within seconds to minutes. Epinephrine helps to reverse these severe symptoms, reduce swelling, open the airway, and maintain heart function and blood pressure. Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include generalized hives, swelling of the mouth and throat, difficulty breathing or wheezing, vomiting, and low blood pressure. Immediate treatment is crucial; if left untreated, anaphylaxis can progress to anaphylactic shock and even death.

    Have questions about using an EpiPen? If you don’t find them in the article below or want more information, talk to a pharmacist online 24/7 using Medidex Connect.

    How fast does Epinephrine work?

    Epinephrine takes effect immediately after injection but may take 5 to 10 minutes to reach its full effect. It begins to wear off within 20 to 30 minutes. If the reaction has not subsided, a second dose can be administered.

    “Epinephrine-Injection.” Openverse, openverse.org/image/f3d6b6d4-1fcd-4ce0-8570-40259a14dde0?q=epinephrine. Accessed on 9 Aug. 2024.

    Epinephrine is administered using an auto-injector, available in various strengths, and dosage is based on the patient’s weight.

    Epinephrine dosages

    EpiPen epinephrine auto-injectors dosages

    • 0.15 mg for children less than 66 lbs
    • 0.3 mg for children and adults over 66 lbs

    Auvi-Q epinephrine auto-injectors dosages

    • 0.10 mg for infants and toddlers 16.5 lbs to 33 lbs
    • 0.15 mg for patients who weigh 33 lbs to 66 lbs
    • 0.3 mg for patients who weigh 66 lbs or more
    “Q® (Epinephrine Injection, USP) for Anaphylaxis.” AUVI, www.auvi-q.com/. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

    Symjepi epinephrine auto-injectors dosages

    • 0.15 mg for patients who weigh 33 lbs to 66 lbs
    • 0.3 mg for patients who weigh 66 lbs or more
    “SYMJEPI® (EPINEPHRINE) Injection: Official Website.” SYMJEPI® (Epinephrine) Injection www.symjepi.com/. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

    How to Administer an Epinephrine Auto-Injector

    Steps for Administering EpiPen Epinephrine Auto-Injector

    1. Remove it from the carrying case and pull off the blue safety release.
    2. Keep your thumb, finger, and hand away from the orange (needle) end of the device.
    3. Inject into the middle of the outer thigh only at a 90-degree angle.
    4. Push the auto-injector firmly until it “clicks.” The click signals that the injection has started.
    5. Hold the needle firmly in place while counting to 3.
    6. Remove the needle and massage the area for 10 seconds.
    7. After injection, the orange tip will extend to cover the needles. If the needle is visible, it should not be reused.
    “These Highlights Do Not Include All the Information Needed to Use EPIPEN® and EPIPEN JR® Safely and Effectively. See Full Prescribing Information for EPIPEN and EPIPEN Jr. EPIPEN® (Epinephrine Injection).” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?type=display&setid=7560c201-9246-487c-a13b-6295db04274a#section-15. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

    Steps for Administering Auvi-Q Epinephrine Auto-Injector

    1. Pull Auvi-Q up from its outer case.
    2. Pull the red safety guard down and off of Auvi-Q.
    3. Place the black end of Auvi-Q against the middle of the outer thigh, then push firmly until you hear a click and hiss sound, and hold in place for 2 seconds.

    Steps for Administering Symjepi Epinephrine Auto-Injector

    1. Pull the cap off, and do not touch the plunger until the needle is fully inserted.
    2. While seated, hold the device with finger grips.
    3. Face the needle downward and slowly insert it into the thighs.
    4. Once the needle is in the thigh, push the plunger down until it clicks.
    5. Hold for 2 seconds.
    6. Remove the syringe and massage for 10 seconds.
    7. Once an injection has been given, use one hand with your finger behind the needle to slide the safety guard up until it clicks to cover the needle

    Alternatives to EpiPen and Epinephrine Auto-Injectors

    • Epinephrine kits come with vials or ampules and are a last resort for those unable to afford injection devices.
    • A kit, which includes two doses, needles, and a syringe, costs ~$20.
    • Due to dosing errors and treatment delays, epinephrine kits with vials or ampules are a better fit for institutions and clinics.

    What is the Cost of EpiPen and Epinephrine Auto-Injectors

    • The price of the product can vary based on the pharmacy, insurance plan, and manufacturer.
    • EpiPen is also available in a generic form called epinephrine.
    • Co-pay cards are available for most US manufacturers to help reduce cost.
    • Co-pay cards can be printed or saved on a smartphone and presented at the pharmacy.

    Side effects of Epinephrine and EpiPen

    • Headache
    • Anxiety
    • Nervousness
    • Sweating
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Paleness
    • Irregular heartbeats
    • Dizziness

    Overdose of Epinephrine

    • Excessive dose of epinephrine has the potential to elevate arterial pressure, which in turn can lead to cerebrovascular hemorrhage.
    • Pulmonary edema may develop as a result of peripheral vascular constriction and concurrent cardiac stimulation.
    • The administration of treatment involves the use of rapidly acting vasodilators, alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs, and/or respiratory support.

    Epinephrine Warnings and Precautions

    • EpiPen should only be injected into the middle of the outer thigh.
    • Do not inject into your veins, fingers, toes, buttocks, feet, or hands.
    • Always carry 2 EpiPens with you because sometimes a single dose may not be enough.
    • Skin infections can occur after injections, so report any prolonged swelling, redness, warmth, or tenderness at the injection site.

    Epinephrine Key Counseling Points

    • The EpiPen and its generic two-pack each come with a training device.
    • These training devices resemble the actual device but do not have a needle. Patients and parents can use them repeatedly to practice proper administration.
    • Each epinephrine injection has a different administration technique for proper use.
    • All products can be injected through clothing.
    • Refrigeration is not necessary.
    • If the medication changes to a pinkish or brown color when exposed to heat or light, it should not be used.
    • Always check the device to ensure the medication is clear and not expired.
    • It is normal to see liquid remaining in the device after injection.
    • If additional care is needed, call for emergency help.
    • When injecting an uncooperative child, hold the leg firmly to avoid bending or breaking the needle.

    If you have additional questions about EpiPens, epinephrine auto-injectors, or epinephrine in general you can connect with a licensed pharmacist on-demand using Medidex Connect.



    Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. No content on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content on this site is for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute medical advice, and does not establish any kind of patient-provider or client-professional relationship by your use of this website. Although we strive to strictly provide accurate and up to date general information, content available on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and you should not rely solely on the information provided here. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications.